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Cable logging
	A yarding system employing winches and cables from a fixed position (usually a yarder and tower of some sort).
Cable yarding
	The movement of felled trees or logs from the area where they are felled to the landing on a system composed of a cable suspended from spars and/or towers. The trees or logs may be either dragged across the ground on the cable or carried while suspended from the cable.
Calender
	To make the surface of paper smooth by pressing it between steel rollers during manufacture.
Calibration
	1.  Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording      temperatures. 2.  Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size.  Calibration is used to adjust      scanner readings for greater accuracy.
Calorific value
	The potential heat-production value of a wood source.  Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.
Cambium
	The layer of tissue dividing the bark from the wood, which forms new bark to the outside and new wood to the inside as the tree grows.
Can velocity
	The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.
Canopy
	The forest layer made up of the crowns of the tallest trees.
Cant
	Piece of wood produced by a canter that requires further breakdown.
Canter
	A machine that converts logs into a square, rectangular or two-sided cant for further processing.  Canters may be configured with conical disk heads or drum heads.  They may include double length or single length infeeds.  Circular or band saw sections can be included to produce side boards. View:   Canter Examples
Capillary action
	The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.
Carbide
	Tungsten carbide used for tooth inserts that are attached to the tooth face tip to provide a hard wear surface.
Cardboard
	A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper pasted together. Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc. Corrugated containers are not made of cardboard.
Carriage
	A frame on which are mounted the headblocks, setworks, and other mechanisms for holding a log while it is being sawed, and also for advancing the log toward the saw line after a cut has been made.  The carriage frame is mounted on trucks which travel on tracks, the carriage being actuated by a hydraulic piston, or motor and cable.
Cartridge
	1.  The replaceable element of a fluid filter. 2.  The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side      plates.
Casehardening
	A condition of stress-and-set in dry wood in which the outer fibers are under compressive stress and the inner fibers under tensile stress.  The stresses persist after the lumber is dry and cause warp if the wood is remachined after drying.  See Reverse casehardening.
Cat
	Often short for Caterpillar tractor, or any other brand of bulldozer-type tractor. May refer to a skidding tractor or a earthmoving bulldozer.
Cat face
	Deformed tree trunk surface usually caused by fire, disease or rot.
Cat skinner
	The person who operates a cat.
Cavitation
	A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.
CCA
	Copper Chrome Arsenate, a wood preservative.
Cell
	General term for the minute units of wood structure including wood fibres, vessel segments and other elements.
Cellulose
	The carbohydrate that is the principal constituent of wood and forms the framework of the wood cells.
Celsius (C)
	The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions.   °C = (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8.
Centimetre (cm)
	A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre.  2.54 cm is equal to one inch. View:   Metric / Imperial Conversion
Centrifugal force
	The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.
Channel
	A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.
Charge (supercharge)
	1.  To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure. 2.  To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)
Charge pressure
	The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).
Check
	A splitting of the wood fibers within or on a log or lumber.  Checks result from uneven wood shrinkage. View:   Checks
Check valve
	A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.
Chemical pulp
	The product of the reduction of wood or other fiber into component parts during cooking with various chemical liquors in processes such as sulfate, sulfite, and soda pulping.
Chemically protected lumber
	Lumber treated with anti-stain chemicals to protect it in transit.
Chemimechanical pulp (CMP)
	A product made by pretreating chips with chemicals at a temperature usually below 100°C, followed by atmospheric refining.
Chip
	1.  (n.) Small piece of wood used as fibre for the pulp process; the product of canter chipper       heads and chippers. Chips are larger and coarser than sawdust. 2.  (v.) To mechanically reduce logs or whole trees to small pieces for fuel, pulp, or chipboard       manufacture.
Chip load
	The quantity of wood removed by an individual knife as it cuts on each pass.
Chipboard
	A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded writing paper, partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.
Chipper
	Device used to transform pieces of wood to chips. View:   Chipper Examples
Chipper canter
	A headrig machine that reduces debarked logs directly to chips and cants without producing sawdust.
Choke
	A restriction, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.
Choker
	Short length of wire rope that forms a noose around the end of a log for hauling.
Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)
	The most commonly used chemical for pressure treating lumber.
Circuit
	An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.
Circular headsaw
	A circular plate having cutting teeth on the circumference and used to ripsaw logs.
Circular saw
	A circular metal plate with teeth on the circumference that rotates on an arbor.
Circular sawmill
	The traditional sawmill uses a circular saw. Circular saws are thicker (larger kerf) than band saws and produce more sawdust. Logs can be cut moving on the carriage in only one direction, then the carriage returns and turns the log for the next cut.
Clear
	Lumber or logs that are free or practically free of defects. First quality lumber or log.
Clear-cut
	An area in which all of the trees have been or will be felled, bucked and skidded in one operation. When all trees in a given area are felled.
Clearance angle
	The angle between a tangent to the cutting circle of a tooth and a line along the top of the tooth intersecting this tangent.
Climb cut
	The circular saw blade rotates in the same direction as the material is fed during the cutting process.
Climb sawing
	See Climb cut.
Clipper loss
	During the manufacture of veneer, the ribbon of veneer is cut to specific sizes by a device called a clipper.   Losses during this step occur because of unacceptable defects (knots, rot, etc.) in the veneer, splits and breakage, or sizing.
Closed canopy
	The description given to a stand when the crowns of the main level of trees forming the canopy are touching and intermingled, and form a barrier to light penetrating the forest floor from above.
Closed center circuit
	One in which flow through the system is blocked in neutral and pressure is maintained at the maximum pressure control setting.
Closed center valve
	One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.
Closed loop
	A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.
Co-gen operation
	Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).
Cogeneration
	The process of burning fuel to produce electricity and usable steam.
Coils
	The radiant heating surface within steam or oil-heated kilns.  The coils contain the steam or oil and transfer its heat through the coil wall to heat the kiln air, producing condensate in the process.
Coils, center
	The steam or oil coils that are positioned between the kiln tracks.  Also called Booster coils.
Coils, overhead
	The steam or oil coils positioned overhead at or on the fan deck.
Cold deck
	A stack of logs left for later transportation (in the woods), or a deck of logs at the mill for winter use.
Collapse
	The flattening of single cells or rows of cells during the drying or pressure treatment of wood. Often characterized by a caved-in or corrugated ("washboarded") appearance of the wood surface.
Collar
	A flange mounted on the saw arbor to support the blade on one or both sides.  If the collar is fixed to the arbor, it is called the fixed collar.  If not, it is a loose collar.
Collarless saws
	The saw floats on the arbor being keyed directly to the arbor itself.
Column
	A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.
Combustion
	Consumption by oxidation, evolving heat, and, generally, also flame and incandescence.
Command signal (or input signal)
	An external signal to which the servo must respond.
Commercial thinning
	A silviculture treatment that "thins" out an overstocked stand by removing trees that are large enough to be sold as products such as poles or fence posts. It is carried out to improve the health and growth rate of the remaining crop trees. As compared to "juvenile spacing".
Compaction
	Close packing of chips in a given volume of space in order to minimize the voids between the individual chips.
Compensator control
	A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.
Composites
	Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.
Compressibility
	The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.
Compression failure
	Deformation of the wood fibres resulting from excessive compression along the grain either in direct end compression or in bending. In surfaced lumber, compression failures may appear as fine wrinkles across the face of the piece.
Compression wood
	Abnormal wood formed on the lower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees.  Compression wood is identified by its relatively wide annual rings (usually eccentric when viewed on cross section of branch or trunk), relatively large amount of summerwood, sometimes more than 50% of the width of the annual rings in which it occurs, and its lack of demarcation between earlywood and latewood in the same annual rings.  Compression wood shrinks excessively lengthwise, as compared with normal wood. View:   Compression Wood
Computer simulations
	Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.
Condensate
	Water formed by removing heat from steam within the kiln heating coils.
Conditioning
	A process for relieving the stresses present in wood at the end of drying.
Conditioning treatment
	A treatment applied to equilibrate the moisture content of wood to a particular value.
Conifer
	Tree that is a gymnosperm, usually Evergreen, with cones and needle-shaped or scalelike leaves, producing wood known commercially as softwood.
Coniferous
	A type of tree which is cone-bearing and has needles or scale-like leaves, such as Pine and Spruce.
Containerboard
	The components (linerboard, corrugating medium and chipboard) used to manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard.
Control
	A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).
Control console
	Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.
Control valve
	A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.
Conventional cut
	The circular saw rotates in a direction counter or opposite to the direction of the feed.  Also called Counter sawing.
Conveyor
	Wood transport system (logs, lumbers, chips, etc.).
Cord
	Stacks of wood 4' high by 4' wide by 8' long.  One cord is the equivalent of 128 cubic feet, 4.7 cubic yards. The weight of a cord varies if it is green (freshly cut), seasoned (partially air dried), or dry (KD or kiln-dried).  Commonly used for smaller timber utilized for firewood or pulping.
Cord
	A stack of wood consisting of 128 cubic feet (3.62 cubic meters). A cord has standard dimensions of 4 x 4 x 8 feet, including air space and bark.
Core
	The innermost portion of plywood usually composed of veneer. Also referred to as a "center." A core may also be made of fiberboard, particleboard or lumber.
Core stock
	A solid or discontinuous center ply used in panel-type glued structures such as furniture panels and solid hollowcore doors.
Corrugated containers
	Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.
Corrugating medium
	The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated box which cushions the product from shock during shipment (see flute). This layer can contain up to 100% post-consumer recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to protect the product.
Counter cutting
	The circular saw blade rotates in a direction counter or opposite to the direction of the feed.
Counterbalance valve
	A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.
Cracking pressure
	The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.
Cripple
	A cut in an unseasoned joist, bearer or stud designed to reduce movement in a floor or wall as the structural timber seasons.
Crook
	A deviation edgewise from a straight line drawn end to end of a piece of lumber.  See also Warp. View:   Crook
Crosscut
	Cutting across the grain, e.g., a “crosscut” saw.
Crossouts
	Horizontal spacers between units of lumber.  They align over the sticks and serve to separate the units for forklift handling.
Crown
	1.  The live branches and foliage of a tree. 2.  The upper part of a tree.
Cubic recovery ratio (CRR)
	In a material balance diagram, the ratio of wood product recovered divided by the wood raw material used, both measured in cubic volume.  The fraction of wood raw material converted to the intended product.
Cunit
	A measurement equal to 100 cubic feet of solid wood.
Cup
	Deviation in the face of a piece of lumber from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of a piece of lumber.  See also Warp. View:   Cup
Cure
	To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength.  Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.
Curve Sawing
	Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant.  Also referred to as sweep sawing or shape sawing.  Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve. View:   Curve Sawing Examples
Cushion
	A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.
Cut sheets
	Fine paper cut to letter or legal size for use in printers, copiers and fax machines.
Cut-to-length harvester (CTL)
	A self-propelled tracked or wheeled harvesting machine, designed to fell, limb, and buck a tree into logs, usually 20 feet or less in length. Most commonly the harvesting head is mounted to an articulating arm. Not to be confused with a full-tree length harvester or feller-buncher. Most commonly CTL harvesters work with forwarders which transport the bunched log piles to the landing.
Cutting circle
	The circle described by the outer rim or extremity of the teeth of a circular saw.
Cylinder
	A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion.  It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.