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| S1S2E |
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Surfaced one side and two edges.
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| S4S |
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Surfaced four sides.
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| Sap |
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The watery fluid that circulates through a tree carrying the chemical food that enables the tree to grow; rich in minerals and nutrients.
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| Sap stain |
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A discoloration of sapwood, caused by certain molds and fungi, that is not accompanied by softening or other disintegration of the wood.
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| Sapling |
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A young tree of small diameter, typically 2 to 5 inches at dbh.
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| Sapwood |
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The outer layers of a tree stem that contain living cells. The sapwood is distinctly lighter in Southern Pine than the heartwood it encloses.
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| Sash gang |
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A frame saw in which one or several straight blades are clamped in a reciprocating frame.
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| Saw eye |
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The hole in the centre of a circular saw blade so it can be fitted on the arbor.
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| Saw kerf |
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The width of the saw tooth at its outermost widest point.
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| Saw log |
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A log suitable in size and grade for producing sawn lumber.
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| Sawdust expansion factor |
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The amount to allow for sawdust to expand from its solid wood form after being sawn. This also allow for the air space between sawdust particles in the gullet.
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| Sawing deviation |
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The deviation from target sawn sizes caused by the saws.
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| Sawn timber |
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Timber finished to size with a saw.
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| Scaler |
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The person who measures the diameter and length of the logs determines specie and grade, and makes deductions for footage calculations.
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| Scaling (lumber or logs) |
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Logs are measured (or scaled) for the purpose of estimating the amount of lumber that can be obtained. Once logs have been processed into lumber it is again necessary to quantify volumes produced. The process of measuring lumber is called lumber scaling. The volume lumber yielded from a log may be greater than the estimated volume of lumber. Also see Yield.
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| Scallop depth |
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The depth of the arc created by the planer head on the finished surface of lumber.
View: Scallop Depth, Knife Mark Calculator
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| Scanner |
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Generally an optical or laser/camera measuring device. Scanners are composed of a transmitter head and a receiver head, which permit electronics system to obtain the shape and the dimensions an object.
View: Scanner Examples
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| Schedule |
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The "recipe" for drying lumber, which dictates wetbulb and drybulb setpoints throughout the drying cycle.
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| Schoolmarm |
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A tree stem that branches into two or more trunks or tops.
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| Scragg mill |
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A special high-speed sawmill designed to saw small diameter logs. A scrag mill typically has two circle saws arranged in parallel which remove two slabs with one pass of the log producing a two-sided cant.
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| Scribner Log Rule |
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The Scribner Log Rule, developed around 1846, is a good example of a diagram rule. It was created by drawing the cross-sections of 1-inch boards within circles representing the end view of logs. A space of 1/4 inch was left between the boards to account for saw kerf. The Scribner Rule does not have an allowance for log taper and typically underestimates logs, particularly if the log length is long. The Scribner Decimal C is a different form of the Scribner Rule; it rounds the volumes to the nearest 10 board feet. For example, 392 board feet on the Scribner is equivalent to 390 board feet on the Scribner Decimal C scale.
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| Scribner, East-side |
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Reference to the method of applying the Scribner Log Rule and obtaining log measurements, other than in western Oregon and western Washington.
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| Scribner, West-side |
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A term commonly used to refer to the method for applying Scribner Log Scale and taking measurements in western Oregon and western Washington.
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| Seasoned timber |
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Timber that has been dried so that the maximum moisture content anywhere in the piece does not exceed 15%.
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| Seasoning |
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Drying timber to a moisture content appropriate to the conditions and purposes for which it is to be used.
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| Select structural |
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The highest grade of structural joists and planks. This grade is applied to lumber of high quality in terms of appearance, strength, and stiffness.
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| Select tight knot (STK) |
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A grade term frequently used for cedar lumber. Lumber designated STK is selected from mill run for the tight knots in each piece, as differentiated from lumber which may contain loose knots or knotholes.
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| Semichemical pulp |
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Pulp obtained by mild treatment of wood chips by any of the chemical pulping processes, which remove only part of the lignin from the wood chips, followed by mechanical treatment to complete the separation of individual cellulose fibers.
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| Sequence |
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The order of a series of operations or movements.
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| Sequencing valve |
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A pressure operated valve which, at its setting, diverts flow to a secondary line while holding a predetermined minimum pressure in the primary line.
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| Servo mechanism (servo) |
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A mechanism subjected to the action of a controlling device which will operate as if it were directly actuated by the controlling device, but capable of supplying power output many times that of the controlling device, this power being derived from an external and independent source.
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| Servo valve |
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Electro-mechanical device used to control a setworks hydraulic cylinder. An electrical signal is sent to the servo valve which opens, allowing hydraulic fluid to flow into the cylinder. The voltage level and direction of the electrical signal determine the speed and direction of the setworks movement.
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| Set complete |
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The actual position of a setworks is within a certain distance of the command position to which it was sent.
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| Set complete range |
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The maximum distance allowed between the actual position of a setworks and the position to which the setworks was sent. When the setworks position is in this range, the setworks is at set complete.
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| Sfpm |
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Surface feet per minute of a saw.
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| SG |
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Specific gravity. Also called relative density. As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).
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| Shake |
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1. A separation along the grain, the greater part of which may occur at the common boundary of
two rings or within a growth ring. It is usually considered to have occurred in the standing tree
or during felling.
2. A western red cedar roofing and sidewall product made by splitting blocks of cedar, as
opposed to shingles which are manufactured by sawing.
View: Ring Shake
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| Shank |
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A device for locking inserted teeth in a circular saw.
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| Shape Sawing |
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Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant. Also referred to as curve sawing or sweep sawing. Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.
View: Shape Sawing Example
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| Shaper |
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An implement, consisting of dies and levers, which is used to compress saw teeth to a prescribed pattern.
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| Shaving |
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A small wood particle of indefinite dimensions developed in the planing process. This cutting action produces a thin chip of varying thickness, usually feathered along at least one edge and thick at another and generally curled.
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| Shear |
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A mechanical cutting head, attached to a harvester, which severs the tree from the stump with a scissors-like action.
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| Sheathing |
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The structural covering, usually of boards, building fiberboards, or plywood, placed over exterior studding or rafters of a structure.
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| Sheave |
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The grooved wheel of a pulley.
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| Sheaves |
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Pulleys mounted on the end of the drive and motor shaft over which belts pass to transfer rotational force from the motor to the shaft.
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| Shim |
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A thin piece or strip of metal used to fill in, as in leveling.
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| Shingles |
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Thin, rectangular pieces of wood, sawn along the grain and tapering in thickness, used like tiles for roofing and weatherboarding.
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| Shiplap |
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Lumber that has been worked to make a rabbeted joint on each edge so that pieces may be fitted together snugly for increased strength and stability.
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| Shipping dry |
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Having a moisture content (oven-dry basis) of 14 to 20%. Results in reduced shipping weight and less susceptibility to decay.
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| Short ton |
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2,000 pounds or 0.9072 tonnes.
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| Shortwood |
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Pulpwood less than 10 feet long.
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| Shrinkage |
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The contraction of wood to water loss below fiber saturation point. Expressed as a percentage of the green dimension.
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| Side clearance |
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The distance that the side of the saw tooth projects beyond the body of the saw.
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| Side dressing |
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The act of adjusting all saw teeth on a saw to project laterally the same distance from the plate.
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| Side gauge |
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A measuring device to indicate the amount of lateral (sidewise) projection of saw teeth beyond the surface of the saw.
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| Siding |
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The finish covering of the outside wall of a frame building, whether made of horizontal weatherboards, vertical boards with battens, shingles, or other material.
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| Signal |
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A control impulse from a control device or sensor.
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| Silviculture |
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The process of growing and tending forests using both natural and enhanced methods.
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| Skidder |
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A wheeled or tracked vehicle used for sliding/dragging logs from the stump to the landing.
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| Skyline |
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A cableway stretched tautly between two points and used as a track for a block or carriage.
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| Slab |
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The exterior portion of a log removed in sawing lumber.
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| Slash |
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Tree tops, branches, bark, and other debris left after a forest operation.
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| Sliced |
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This is the method by which most of the find face of veneers are cut. Flat cut and quartered veneers are cut on the slicer as are crotch blocks. The log is first sawn into flitches (sometimes called cants), and this is most commonly a quarter section or half section of a log. It may be trimmed to a many-sided section, but two parallel sides are necessary, one to be held against the surface of the flitch table on the slicer, which clamps the flitch and moves up and down by an electric drive in a slightly shearing motion. The slicer knife, on another section of the machine is fed toward the flitch table slowly, in increments depending on thickness of veneer being cut. In contrast t the feed on the veneer lathe, which moves the knife steadily into the log in rotary cutting, the slicer knife is moved toward the flitch the full amount of the thickness of veneer with each stroke.
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| Slope of grain |
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The angle between the direction of the grain and the axis of a piece of lumber, expressed as a ratio.
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| Sludge |
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Solid material separated from liquid pulp mill effluent during treatment.
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| Snag |
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A dead or dying tree that is still standing.
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| Snaked saws |
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Wavy saw line seen most often in band-sawed lumber. Graded as skipped dressing.
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| Snatch block |
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A block that can be opened on one side to allow a cable or rope to be laid in the block, instead of threading it through from one end.
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| Sock, wetbulb |
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A fabric wick placed over a drybulb that cools the drybulb by evaporation to determine the relative humidity of the drying conditions.
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| Soft rot |
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A special type of decay that develops in the outer wood layers under very wet conditions, such as in cooling towers and boat timbers. It is caused by micro-fungi that attack the secondary cell walls (and not the intercellular layer) and destroy its cellulose content.
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| Softwoods |
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Generally, one of the botanical groups of trees that in most cases have needlelike or scalelike leaves, the conifers, also the wood produced by such trees. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of the wood.
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| Solid tooth |
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A saw tooth formed from and an integral part of the saw blade itself.
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| Solid wood |
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Wood as it is observed in a tree, log, or piece of lumber and hence free of manufactured voids as would occur between chips or free of nonwood materials such as resins and other additives.
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| Solids fraction |
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The portion of a space or container that is occupied by solid wood as opposed to voids between the pieces.
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| Southern Yellow Pine |
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A species group, composed primarily of Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines. Various subspecies also are included in the group.
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| Spar |
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A tree, wood mast, or metal tower used to support rigging for one of the many cable yarding systems.
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| Species |
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Type of wood: Spruce, Pine, Oak, Cedar, etc.
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| Specific gravity |
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Also called relative density. As applied to wood, the ratio of the oven-dry weight of a sample to the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content (green, air-dry, or oven-dry).
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| Specific heat |
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The heat in joules required to raise the temperature of one gram of wood 1°C.
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| SPF |
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See Spruce-Pine-Fir.
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| Spool |
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A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically shaped part of a hydraulic component which moves to direct flow through the component.
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| Spring set |
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Alternately bending saw teeth to make the kerf wider than the blade.
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| Springwood |
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The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the early part of the growing season. It is usually less dense and weaker mechanically than latewood.
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| Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF) |
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Canadian woods of similar characteristics that are grouped as one lumber type for production and marketing purposes. Kiln-dried SPF lumber is used as a structural framing material in all types of residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural building applications. SPF species range in color from white to pale yellow.
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| Sprung saw |
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A twisted or bent saw which will manifest itself by chattering and heating.
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| Spur road |
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A short, low standard branch road generally accessing one or two landings; often dead ending at the last landing.
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| Spur trim |
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In the process of converting a log into veneer, devices called spur knives trim the raw veneer from a log to a desired veneer length; the difference between the log length and veneer length is the spur trim.
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| Square |
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A measure of the amount of material (e.g., shingles) required to cover a surface area of 100 square feet when applied as recommended.
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| Square-faced hammer |
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A type of hammer used to flatten the surface of and put tension in circular saws. The face has a rectangular outline with a convex plane, the curvature conforming to a radius of 9½ inches.
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| Stack heat loss |
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Loss of combustion heat via gas emissions in the smokestack of chimney.
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| Stacker |
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A mechanical device for making up unit packages of lumber for drying. As each layer of lumber is deposited on the unit, sticks are inserted manually or by machine between the layers.
View: Lumber Stacker Examples
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| Steam |
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Vapor produced by heating water.
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| Steam sprays |
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Mechanical equipment for introducing water vapor or steam to the kiln environment.
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| Stem |
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The principal axis of a tree, capable of producing sawlogs, veneer logs, large poles, or pulpwood.
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| Stere |
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A metric measure of cordwood or pulpwood representing a stack of such wood 1 x 1 x 1 metres. Approximately 0.27 cord.
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| Sticker |
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A wooden strip laid between each layer of lumber as it is stacked for drying. Permits transfer of heat into and removal of water from the lumber stacks.
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| Strainer |
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A coarse filter.
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| Strapping |
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Metal or plastic bands tensioned around finished loads of lumber to hold the load together during transport.
View: Strapping Examples
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| Streamline flow |
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A condition where the fluid particles move in continuous parallel paths.
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| Stroke |
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1. The length of travel of a piston or plunger.
2. To change the displacement of a variable displacement pump or motor.
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| Structural timbers |
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Pieces of wood of relatively large size, the strength or stiffness of which is the controlling element in their selection and use. Examples of structural timbers are trestle timbers (stringers, caps, posts, sills, bracing, bridge ties, guardrails); car timbers (car framing, including upper framing, car sills); framing for building (posts, sills, girders); and crossarms for poles.
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| Stud |
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One of a series of vertical load bearing members used as supporting elements in walls and partitions.
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| Stumpage |
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1. The value of timber as it stands uncut in the woods. The residual value after all logging costs
are taken from the delivered price of logs at the mill yard.
2. The price charged for the right to harvest timber from publicly or privately-owned forest land.
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| Sub-plate |
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An auxiliary mounting for a hydraulic component providing a means of connecting piping to the component.
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| Suction line |
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The hydraulic line connecting the pump inlet port to the reservoir or sump.
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| Sulfate process |
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A chemical pulping process in which lignin is dissolved by a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide.
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| Sulfite process |
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A chemical pulping process in which wood is cooked in aqueous acid sulfite solution containing free sulfur dioxide.
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| Sulfite pulp |
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A chemical wood pulp obtained by cooking wood chips in a bisulfite-sulfurous acid solution.
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| Summerwood |
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The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed after the earlywood formation had ceased. It is usually denser and stronger mechanically than earlywood.
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| Sump |
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A reservoir.
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| Supercharge |
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1. To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.
2. To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure (See Precharge pressure).
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| Surface checks |
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Checks that occur on the wood surface during seasoning; they may extend to varying depths into the wood.
View: Checks
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| Surfaced |
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Lumber that has gone through a planer so that its sides are smooth and uniform in size.
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| Surfaced-dry (S-dry) |
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The condition referring to lumber that has been air or kiln dried and subsequently planed to a smooth surface.
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| Surge |
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A transient rise of pressure or flow.
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| Sustained yield |
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The yield a forest can produce in perpetuity at a given intensity of management without impairment of the land's productivity, with the intent that there will be balance between timber growth and harvesting on a sustainable basis.
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| Swage or swedge |
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A method of shaping a saw tooth to provide side clearance on both sides of each tooth.
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| Swamp |
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To clear brush and obstructions for a cat clearing roads or skidtrails. The person doing this hand work is called a swamper.
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| Swash plate |
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A stationary canted plate in an axial type piston pump which causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel rotates.
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| Sweep |
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A gradual (but pronounced) bend in a log, pole, or piling; considered a defect. Sweep in a log is analogous to "bow" in a piece of lumber.
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| Sweep Sawing |
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Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant. Also referred to as curve sawing or shape sawing. Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.
View: Sweep Sawing Example
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| Synchro |
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A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC feedback signal generator which indicates position. It can also be used as a reference signal generator.
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| SYP |
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Southern Yellow Pine. A species group, composed primarily of Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines. Various subspecies also are included in the group.
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